A first-timer's guide to flamenco in Spain

If you’ve spent any time on the internet in the past decade you’ve heard of flamenco, the infamous art form behind the 💃🏻 emoji. The Romani art form, a symbol of Andalusian culture for over a century, gained momentum worldwide after more tourists and visitors were inspired to connect with the culture of Spain.

Want to discover more about the passionate dance of emotion? Here’s a complete list of everything you need to know before attending your first flamenco event.

What is flamenco?

Although it is most commonly described as a form of dance, flamenco is a traditional folk performance art that combines singing (cante), dancing (baile), and music (toque). Deeply rooted in the historical interactions between Andalusian, Moorish, Jewish, and Gitano (Roma) cultures, the art form was widely popularised by global art festivals and a significant effort from the Spanish government, and continues to attract a global audience.

What are the main elements of flamenco?

A flamenco performance is typically created with a mixture of singing, dancing, and music, with a particular focus on dynamic movement. The performers' capacity to expression and transmit emotions through body language creates a deep connection with the audience. But perhaps the most unique element of flamenco is how it continues to be rooted in its cultural heritage while maintaining exceptional versatility. 

What is the history of flamenco?

flamenco began as a private, family-oriented tradition, a quality still expressed in the intimate performances at traditional tablaos. Its roots can be traced back to the 18th century, though many believe it goes as far back as 9th century Andalusia, specifically in areas like Seville, Córdoba, and Huelva. It emerged from the musical traditions of Spanish Gitanos (nomads) who migrated from a region in northern India (now Rajasthan). Over centuries, it absorbed influences from Jewish, Moorish, and Christian cultures, evolving into the art form we know today. Historically, the term itself was used to identify the Romanis of Spain, later becoming a distinct part of the Spanish identity.

In 2010, UNESCO recognized flamenco as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, acknowledging its significance as a unique cultural expression.

How many styles of flamenco are there?

There are nearly 60 different styles (or Palos) of flamenco performance, some of which are -

• Alegrias
• Guajiras
• Tangos
• Solea
• Fandangos
• Seguirilla
• Bulerías
• Sevillanas

Each style is defined based on several factors such as rhythmic pattern, geographic origin, chord progression, and stanzaic form. Although traditional flamenco is defined by singing, dancing, and guitar music, some styles eliminate or modify some elements.

What is ‘duende’ in flamenco?

One of the most elusive aspects of the dance form, the ‘duende’ or emotional connection between a performer and their audience is difficult to describe in words. Many fans of the art form believe it is a quality that some artists naturally possess. Anselmo Gonzalez Climent, a prominent flamenco scholar, describes it as “a special state of flamenco grace.” In a way, the duende is the ability of the performer to capture the audience and own the stage - a state of performance where they completely embody the art form.

What is a ‘jaleo’ in flamenco?

Unlike many professional performance art forms, flamenco traditionally encourages participation from audience members with a type of ‘hell-raising’ enthusiasm or ‘jaleo’ which can include shouting, hooting, thumping your feet, and clapping to energize the performers. In fact, in many tablaos, it could be considered disrespectful to watch the flamenco show in silence. Translated literally, a jaleo is a cheer or call of encouragement. Viewers are expected to actively participate in the performance with jaleos to establish a connection with the performer and instill positive energy in the space.

Can anyone learn flamenco?

Yes! There are many modern and traditional academies that offer lessons in the different elements of flamenco. With proper training and dedication, anyone can become a flamenco artist. Practice and continued exposure to performances would be the best tools to learn the art form as it heavily depends on emotive expression rather than technique. 

What are flamenco shows like?

Typically, a flamenco show is performed in an intimate space called a tablao. The private environment is the most legitimate experience of the art form although it is now also performed at large-scale festivals, theatres, and other venues. A traditional show may include a live performance accompanied by tapas, food, and drinks. It begins with a jaleo as performers are welcomed on stage, followed by dance sections, and ends with a chorus and greeting. Each dance section, which may include different palos, is followed by a break so you can absorb the energy of the performance.

These tablao performances preserve the traditional atmosphere of the art form, which is very different from what a festival or theatre show may offer. Theaters in Spain present their own unique charm, where visitors can explore the rich architecture and brilliant acoustics of the space.

Where can I watch flamenco?

You can catch a flamenco show in nearly every Spanish city, although Barcelona, Madrid, Seville, Granada, Málaga, Córdoba, and Valencia are widely known for hosting excellent shows. Many flamenco performances are also organized globally in flamenco festivals or by touring groups. One of the best-known international stages for flamenco is the Festival Flamenco Albuquerque in New Mexico. Typically, a show may be performed in one of the following venues -

1. Tablao
2. Bar or peña
3. Theatre